![]() The federal bureaucracy puts the laws into action through public policy and executive department actions.īureaucrat – A career government employee.Ĭabinet – Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the vice president, and a few other officials selected by the president.Ĭasework - office holders help constituents solve problems involving the governmentĬaucuses - informal groups formed by members of Congress who share a common purpose or set of goals (e.g., Black Caucus, Women's Caucus)Ĭentral clearance – Review of all executive branch testimony, reports, and draft legislation by the Office of Management and Budget to ensure that each communication to Congress is in accordance with the president’s program.Ĭertificate - a lower court may ask the Supreme Court about a rule of law or procedures in specific casesĬhief of staff – The head of the White House staff.Ĭivil law – A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.Ĭlosed rule – A procedural rule in the House of Representatives that prohibits any amendments to bills or provides that only members of the committee reporting the bill may offer amendments.Ĭloture – A procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate.Ĭommittee Chairs - the most important people in Congress set agenda for the committee. Every state, except Nebraska, also has a state legislature that is bicameral.īills - proposed laws may begin in either the House or Senate (except revenue bills which must originate in the House)īrief - supporting or rejecting arguments of the caseīrief Order - a case that is returned to a lower court for reconsideration because of a related case that was recently decided by the Supreme Courtīudget Resolution - this binds Congress to a total expenditure level, supposedly the bottom line of all federal spending on all programs.īureaucracy – A form of organization that operates through impersonal, uniform rules and procedures. of State.)Īdministrative discretion – Authority given by Congress to the Federal bureaucracy to use reasonable judgment in implementing the laws.Īdversary system – A judicial system in which the court of law is a neutral arena where two parties argue their differences.Īmendments - additions or changes to legislation that deal specifically with the legislationĪmicus curiae brief – Literally, a “friend of the court” brief, filed by an individual or organization to present arguments in addition to those presented by the immediate parties to a case.Īppellate jurisdiction – The authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts.Īpportionment - distribution among the states based on the population of each of those statesĪttentive public – Those citizens who follow public affairs closely.Īuthorization Bill - act of Congress that changes a government program or entitlement.īicameralism – The principle of a two-house legislature. ![]() ![]() 16th Amendment - graduated income taxes.the more you make, the higher percentage you pay!Ģ2th Amendment - set presidential term limits (2 terms or 10 years)Ģ5th Amendment - describes the order of succession for the president (VP, Speaker of the House, Senate Pro Tempore, Sec.
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